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<DIV><A name=story1><B><FONT face=verdana color=#339966 size=-1>Jazzing up
jasmine: Atomically modified rice in Asia?</FONT></B><BR><FONT face=Verdana
size=2>March 25, 2004<BR>ETC Group News Release<BR>www.etcgroup.org <BR>A
nanotech research initiative in Thailand aims to atomically modify the
characteristics of local rice varieties - including the country's famous jasmine
rice- and to circumvent the controversy over Genetically Modified Organisms
(GMOs). Nanobiotech takes agriculture from the battleground of GMOs<BR>to the
brave new world of Atomically Modified Organisms (AMOs). In January, Bangkok
Post reported on a three-year research project at Chiang Mai University's
nuclear physics laboratory,(1) funded by the National Research Council of
Thailand, to atomically-modify rice. The research involves drilling a nano-sized
hole (a nanometer is one-billionth of a meter) through the wall and membrane of
a rice cell in order to insert a nitrogen atom. The hole is drilled using a
particle beam (a stream of fast-moving particles, not unlike a lightening bolt)
and the nitrogen atom is shot through the hole to stimulate rearrangement of the
rice's DNA.<BR>Pipe Dreams from Particle Beams? One of the attractions of this
technique, according to the director of the Fast Neutron Research Facility in
Chiang Mai where the research is being conducted, is that it does not require
the usual (and controversial) technique of genetic modification, where genes are
transferred between unrelated organisms or are removed or rearranged within a
species. "At least we can avoid it," Thiraphat Vilaithong, the Facility director
said.(2)<BR>"We don't consider atomically modified rice any safer or more
socially acceptable than genetically modified rice," explained Witoon
Lianchamroon of Biodiversity Action Thailand (BIOTHAI), a civil society
organization based in Bangkok. "It sounds like the same high-tech approach that
does not address our needs and could cause severe hardships for Thai rice
farmers." According to BIOTHAI, scientists at Chaing Mai University have already
used nanotechnology to modify the colour of a local rice variety, "Khao Kam."(3)
The word "Kam" means deep purple, and the rice variety is known for its purple
stem, leaves and grains. Using nanotechnology, the scientists changed the colour
of the leaves and stems of Khao Kam from purple to green. In a telephone
interview, Dr. Thirapat Vilaithong told BIOTHAI that their next target is
Jasmine rice. The goal of their research is to develop Jasmine varieties that
can be grown all year long, with shorter stems and improved grain colour.
<BR>The research at Chiang Mai is related to other types of "mutation breeding"
in that the cell's DNA is manipulated to cause a change in gene function. The
difficulty lies in finding safe passage through a plant cell's wall and membrane
without compromising the cell's ability to survive or allowing essential
cellular contents to leak out. Mutation breeding and nuclear physics have a long
history, with most work coming out of a joint United Nations Food and
Agriculture Organisation/International Atomic Energy Agency programme in Vienna
beginning in the mid-1960s. Over the last 40 years, researchers there have
bombarded plant cells with x-rays, beta and gamma rays, among other particles,
to induce alterations in the genomes of crop plants.(4) The Bigger Picture: The
project being undertaken at Chiang Mai's nuclear physics lab is a testament to
Thailand's commitment to nanotechnology. In January, the Prime Minister, Thaksin
Shinawatra, ordered the establishment of a nanotechnology center to be headed by
the government's National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA).(5)
In addition to the rice project, researchers in Chiang Mai are working to alter
the surface of silk at the nanometer level to make it water- and dirt-resistant,
hoping to give Thailand a competitive advantage over the world's other major
silk exporters, which include India and China. Industry analysts predict that
the nanotech revolution will someday allow researchers to engineer new materials
and modify existing ones so that they exhibit whatever property is most
desirable for a given application - strength, weight, electrical conductivity,
colour could all be manipulated at the molecular level. In theory, production,
including agricul! tural production, would no longer be dependent on geography,
labour or raw materials, rendering some natural resources obsolete - with
especially serious disruptions for Third World economies.<BR>"Oops, There Goes
Another Rubber Tree Plant:" For example, consider the potential of nano-scale
innovations to affect the market for rubber: researchers in the US are designing
nanoparticles to strengthen and extend the life of automobile tyres as well as
new nanomaterials that could be used as a substitute for natural rubber,
especially in medical gloves. "If nano-designed tyres and other products require
little or no rubber in the future, it will mean less demand for natural rubber
with potentially devastating impacts for the livelihoods of rubber tappers and
plantation workers worldwide," explains Jim Thomas, ETC Group researcher from
Oxford UK. Malaysia and Thailand are currently the world's top producers of
natural rubber. Prime Minister Thaksin is placing special emphasis on research
in nanobiotechnology, such as the atomically modified rice project, in an effort
to distinguish Thailand from other regional nanotech research. Because living
and non-living material are indistinguishable at the nano-scale - at this
fundamental level, they are both simply atoms and molecules of chemical elements
- physicists, genetic engineers and material scientists are exploiting this
"material unity at the nano-scale" to combine biological and non-biological
material in unprecedented ways. While global investment in nanotechnology - both
private and public - is estimated between five and six billion dollars (US) per
annum, the focus on nanobiotechnology is significant. Since 1999, venture
capitalists alone have devoted over $450 million to nanobiotechnology.<BR>The
rice research in Thailand is just one small piece of the nanobio picture related
to food and agriculture. According to Helmut Kaiser Consultancy, some 200
transnational food companies are currently investing in nanotech and are on
their way to commercializing products. The list includes many of the world's
largest companies: Ajinomoto, Campbell Soup, ConAgra, General Mills, H. J.
Heinz, Kraft Foods, McCain Foods, Nestl?, PepsiCo, Sara Lee, Unilever, and
more.<BR>Miracle Rice Re-visited? The United Nations has designated 2004 the
Second International Year of Rice. Neth Da?o, executive director of SEARICE in
the Philippines, recalls that the first International Year of Rice was
thirty-eight years ago in 1966, the year that the International Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) launched the Green Revolution in Asia with the release of IR8,
the first semi-dwarf rice variety. "The so-called 'miracle rice' required
irrigation and a costly package of chemical fertilizers and pesticides that
drove poor farmers deeper into debt," said Da?o. "IR8 was not only highly
susceptible to pests and diseases, it also introduced massive genetic
uniformity, displaced poor farmers and their traditional rice varieties." "Will
2004 bring us full circle?" asks Kathy Jo Wetter, ETC researcher. "At what cost
to farmers, food security and the environment are researchers now tinkering with
atomically-modified rice? Will 2004 be remembered as the year that launched
atomically-modified rice and the Nano-Rice Revolution?" Both ETC Group and
SEARICE are members of the CBDC Programme (see box, below).<BR>Later this year
ETC Group plans to release an in-depth report on impacts of nanobiotechnology
for food and agriculture, especially in the developing world. The report will
also consider food industry applications, such as nanosensors embedded in food
packaging and in food itself, "interactive" food and beverages - products that
would change colour, flavour or nutrients to accommodate the individual
consumer's tastes or health condition, and ultrasound-activated animal vaccines
using nanoparticles, among many others.<BR>For further information:<BR>Jim
Thomas, ETC Group, email: jim@etcgroup.org<BR>Tel: +44-1865 201719<BR>Kathy Jo
Wetter, ETC Group, email: kjo@etcgroup.org<BR>Tel: 1-919-960-5223<BR>Witoon
Lianchamroon, BIOTHAI, email: biothai@biothai.net<BR>Tel: +662 952
7953<BR>www.biothai.org<BR>(1) Ranjana Wangvipula, "Thailand embarks on the nano
path to better rice and<BR>silk," Bangkok Post, Jan. 21, 2004. Available on the
Internet:<BR>http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=7266<BR>(2)
Ibid.<BR>(3) Personal communication from Witoon Lianchamroon of BIOTHAI, 25
March 2004.<BR>Witoon spoke to Dr. Thirapat Vilaithong and other scientists at
the Fast Neutron Research Facility in Chaing Mai by telephone.<BR>(4)
http://www.plantmutations.com/mutation_breeding.htm. According to
the<BR>FAO/IAEA Mutant Varieties database over, well over 2000 varieties have
been<BR>released in 52 countries. See http://www-infocris.iaea.org/MVD/<BR>(5)
Anonymous, "Prime Minister orders establishment of nanotechnology
center,"<BR>Pattaya Mail, Vol. XII No. 2, Friday January 9 - January 15, 2004.
Available on the Internet: http://www.pattayamail.com/545/business.shtml. See
also, Jen Lin-Liu, "Thailand's leader plants the seeds for a future in
nanobiotech, Small Times, Feb. 28, 2003. Available on the
Internet:<BR>http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=5588<BR>The
Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration, formerly RAFI, is an
international civil society organization headquartered in Canada. The ETC group
is dedicated to the advancement of cultural and ecological diversity and human
rights. www.etcgroup.org. The ETC group is also a member of the Community
Biodiversity Development and Conservation Programme (CBDC). The CBDC is a
collaborative experimental initiative involving civil society organizations and
public research institutions in 14 countries. The CBDC is dedicated to the
exploration of community-directed programmes to strengthen the conservation and
enhancement of agricultural biodiversity. The CBDC website is
www.cbdcprogram.org.</FONT><BR></A></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face="Comic Sans MS"
size=2>~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~<BR>"Wir brauchen keine
Bio-Terroristen, wenn wir Gentechniker haben."<BR>Independent Science Panel (<A
href="http://www.indsp.org">www.indsp.org</A>; dt.Ü. <A
href="http://www.indsp.org/ISPgerman.pdf">www.indsp.org/ISPgerman.pdf</A>)</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>